Legal Status of Unions - 1385 Words

Legal Status of Unions Legal Status of Unions The history of the American labor movement coincides with the development of labor unions in the United States, from the initial local craft unions like the Federal Society of Journeyman Cordwainers (shoemakers), to the formation of national unions such as the National Labor Union (NLU) and the Knights of Labor, creation of the American Federation of Labor (AFL), and the Congress of International Organizations (CIO), the merger of the AFL-CIO, and its breakup through the defection of the national unions that formed the Change to Win (CTW) coalition (Fossum, 2012, pp. 27-34, 53-54). Paralleling the union development was a series of national labor legislation: Railway Labor Act (1926),†¦show more content†¦While a labor political party could provide broader support for union members, it would not focus on the primary concerns of labor members: wages, benefits, and working conditions (Fossum, 2012, p. 28). While some believe establishment of a labor political party would be nefit the labor movement more than either the Republican or Democratic parties, the reality has never resulted in an effective national labor political movement (Levitt, 1955). Even national union efforts have not been entirely effective over time: the American Federation of Labor, the Congress of Industrial Organizations, the merged AFL-CIO, and now the Change to Win coalition (Colorado State University-Global Campus, 2014). Leading Personalities in Labor Relations Contributing to the Definition of Labor Relations in the United States Leading personalities in the U.S. labor relations movement included Samuel Gompers (1850-1924), who helped found and led the AFL for much of the period from 1886 until his death in 1924 (Online Highways LLC, 2014), Eugene Debs (1855-1926), who led the American Railway Union through many strikes and helped found the Industrial Workers of the World (Constantine, 1990), Walter Reuther (1907-1970), who led the United Auto Workers starting in 1946 and was head of the CIO and negotiated its merger with the AFL-CIO in 1955 (Featherstone, 2014), George Meany (1894-1980), led the AFL from 1952 until he negotiated the AFL-CIOShow MoreRelatedLegalizing Gay Marriage Essays800 Words   |  4 Pagesdistant on the political horizon, I believe that what is likely is that states will choose to give Gay couples the right to form civil unions. As Gay couples begin to form these unions and enjoy the legal status that they will provide them, the populace at large will become increasingly accustomed to the idea. I believe that Civil Unions will eventually lead to full-fledged Gay marriage, but that this process will take some time. Marriage became a preponderant issueRead MoreThe And Prospects For European Migration1393 Words   |  6 Pagesa number of immigration law academics and interlocutors have expressed concern regarding citizenship rights for UK nationals in extralocal EU residence. Though their prospects have been speculated, the determination of their resultant citizenship status will be contingent on the ongoing international negotiations. This correspondingly relates to resident EU nationals in the UK. Nonetheless, it is clear that Brexit, has ‘fundamentally changed [...] the basis on which EU citizens may enter and resideRead MoreAfrican American Women During The Civil War1227 Words   |  5 Pagess thesis clearly stated? (Restate in your own words) The exceptional rules of war that existed during the Civil War were essential. When it comes to the state of Tennessee, the early â€Å"capture† of the state was of strategically importance for the Union Army. With regards to the experience of African Americans who lived in the state or arrived there during the period of the state’s occupation and Andrew Johnson’s rule, the exceptional character and role of Tennessee turned out to be far from outstandingRead MoreGay Marriage Should Be Legal in All States1632 Words   |  7 Pages19 of 194 countries allow for gay marriage. Statistics show more than half the country supports Gay Marriage and the right for same-sex couples to be treated equal through the everyday endeavors every other couple go through. Gay Marriage should be legal in all states throughout the country and should be given the same benefits as a heterosexual marriage. Without the option to marry, same-sex couples face constant adversity with their financial future, physical/mental health, and practical meansRead MoreWhy The Constitution Should Be Legal956 Words   |  4 PagesThe debate on whether the constitution should be changed to allow gays/lesbians legal status, whereby the partners are protected while in the institution of marriage is a heated debated which has been ongoing in many years. There are those states whereby the rights of gays/lesbians to have legal marriages have been recognized, but in most of the states their right to legal marriage have not been recognized. This essay looks at the reasons why the American constitution should be amended to ensureRead MoreSame Sex Marriage Is The Legal Union Essay1562 Words   |  7 PagesClick here to access FREE course materials and tests. Products ï‡ ³Home ï‡ ¶Research ï‡ µDrive ï‡ ´Answers About Company Legal Site Map Contact Advertise ï‡ º ï‡ ¼ ï‡ ½  ©2015 StudyMode.com Home Same-sex marriage Same Sex Marriage Same Sex Marriage Civil union, Homosexuality, Marriage By kwhite89 Mar 16, 2015 1510 Words 56 Views More info ï„” PDF View TextRead MoreLabor Laws and Unions Essay784 Words   |  4 PagesLabor Laws and Unions Walmart is one of the biggest retail stores in the world. Walmart operates worldwide with current total count of its stores reaching 9.667 stores worldwide (Walmart Corporate, 2011). Interestingly, Walmart is an organization that is currently non-unionized. This paper will provide brief background information on Walmart organization. Legal issues and obstacles that Walmart could encounter will also be identified. The writer will determine which federal, state, or local lawsRead MoreDefining Legal Marriage in America745 Words   |  3 Pagesin it he defined marriage as an institution available only to unions between one man and one woman (Hallowell, 2013). However, the U.S. is supposed to be a secular state and therefore largely immune to religious influence. This is frequently not the case and the religious right has been viewed as responsible for the Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA) signed into law in 1996 (Dickerson, 2013). DOMA defined marriage under federal law as a union between a man and a woman. This past June, a majority of SupremeRead MoreThe Causes And Effects Of The Civil War1564 Words   |  7 Pagesin seceding from the Union defines the effects of this political â€Å"divide† between Republicans and Democrats in Congress due to the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854. At the center of this issue, Lincoln’s leadership defines the slow process of political causality in opposing slave state status, which eventually manifested itself into a â€Å"house divided† in the Civil War. In essence, the root cause of the Civil War will be defined through the tension between slave and free state status, the Kansas-NebraskaRead MoreRawls Original Position And Veil Of Ignorance1646 Words   |  7 PagesRawls’ Original Position and Veil of Ignorance Pertaining to Same Sex Unions Charnise Bonhomme University of Central Florida Rawls’ Original Position and Veil of Ignorance Pertaining to Same Sex Unions The in class Rawls assignment focused on justice, and the fairness of how people are treated throughout society. The class, after being broken down into groups, tackled the subjects of why people disagree about what is right, and what is not, and how morals and ethics guides a person’s interest as

Socrates, Guilty Or Not Essay - 946 Words

Socrates, Guilty Or Not Ancient Athens was the site of a growing culture. Philosophy was among the many improvements and discoveries being made. With these improvements and discoveries, great thinkers were able to stretch out their knowledge to new heights. The society they lived in, both welcomed and shunned their ideals. Socrates was one of these thinkers. It was because of Socrates open-mindedness that he was sentenced to death by two charges brought against him. One, Socrates corrupted the youth and two, Socrates believed in ‘false gods’. Yet, was Socrates guilty or not? In the Apology, Socrates examines the charges brought against him by Meletus and tries to prove that they are false. The first charge brought against him is that†¦show more content†¦Only those who had trained to teach discipline would be beneficial to the youth. Meletus’s next charge is that Socrates ‘believes in false gods’. Socrates says that he believes in Divine Spirits. Meletus takes this statement to mean that Socrates says that if Meletus believed in gods and goddesses, then he must believe in Divine Spirits. For they are the children of the gods. After hearing this statement Meletus changes his story many times saying that Socrates did not believe in any gods at all. Meletus is not sure which one it should be and continues to change it back and forth. Meletus’s action of contradicting himself, clearly showing that the charge had no validity. On the first charge that Meletus brought against Socrates that he, ‘corrupted the youth’, this charge could have been seen as true by many. Socrates was teaching his followers to think for themselves. The government and people may have seen this as a threat. They believed that the youth may the try to break away from the norms that were set up, which would have lead to havoc. Socrates, however, was not trying to make the youth go against the laws. In fact, Socrates told his followers that they should live by the laws because the laws were needed. As in the Crito, Socrates mentions that to go against the laws would be the wrong thing to do. The society of Athens, made laws for the people to follow. These laws were made to keep order. Socrates understood and respected that the lawsShow MoreRelatedSocrates : Not Guilty1610 Words   |  7 PagesSocrates: Not Guilty Intro (138) In 399 BC, when he was seventy years old, Socrates was called into court by three men: Meletus, a poet, Anytus, a politician, and Lycon, an orator. The specific charges were impiety (namely that he did not believe in the gods of Athens, and instead had introduced new gods), and corruption of the youth of the city. The account of Socrates’ trial is preserved in the Apology by Plato, a dialogue that ought not to be considered a verbatim report of Socrates’ defenseRead MoreSocrates Guilty as Charged1761 Words   |  8 PagesIn Plato’s Apology Socrates is being tried by Anytus and Meletus for two new charges: â€Å"corrupting the young, and not acknowledging the gods of the city acknowledges, but new daimonic activities instead† (Morgan 2005, 51). Throughout Plato’s Apology and Euthyphro Socrates uses complex rhetoric to challenge the charges brought against him based on his thoughts and understanding of what is right and wrong. He never once states he is not guilty nor does he provide reasons to support his innocence. HeRead MoreEssay Is Socrates Guilty As Charged?1134 Words   |  5 Pagesquot;Is Socrates Guilty As Charged?quot; nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;In any case of law, when one is considering truth and justice, one must first look at the validity of the court and of the entity of authority itself. In Socrates case, the situation is no different. One may be said to be guilty or not of any said crime, but the true measure of guilt or innocence is only as valid as the court structure to which it is subject to. Therefore, in considering whether Socrates is guilty or notRead MoreIs Socrates Innocent or Guilty? Essay1379 Words   |  6 PagesIs Socrates Innocent or Guilty? Living in a democracy, everyone is exposed through television and other various forms of media everyday to numerous trials by jury. Usually they are rarely given a second thought, but every once in a while along comes a specific trial which captures the attention of the entire country. This goes the same for trials throughout centuries in our past. Although they did not have the same forms of media as in this, modern era, there were still specific trials inRead MoreEssay on Socrates Is Not Guilty1909 Words   |  8 PagesIn the book, Plato Republic, Socrates had a discussion with Thrasymachus and Glaucon about justice and unjustice. In this essay, I shall argue that Plato’s solution of the temptation of the ring is successful in a few ways. I will describe Thrasymachus and Glaucon’s idea about justice, and how Socrates discuss with them in terms of the justice of the city, justice of individual soul, his theory of forms and the importance of the knowledge of the go od, and the sun analogy and the allegory of the caveRead MoreSocrates: Guilty or Innocent Essay847 Words   |  4 PagesIn Platos, The Apology of Socrates, Socrates was accused and on trial for two charges: that he had corrupted the youth of Athens with his teachings, and, that he advocated the worship of false gods. Socrates taught his students to question everything in a thirst for knowledge. Thus, many politicians were looked at as hypocrites. Because of this, many politicians feared Socrates and wanted Socrates away from Athens. Socrates tried to defend himself against the charges by addressing each accusationRead MoreEssay on Socrates Was NOT Guilty1667 Words   |  7 Pages   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Socrates, in his conviction from the Athenian jury, was both innocent and guilty as charged. In Plato’s Five Dialogues, accounts of events ranging from just prior to Socrates’ entry into the courthouse up until his mouthful of hemlock, both points are represented. Socrates’ in dealing with moral law was not guilty of the crimes he was accused of by Meletus. Socrates was only guilty as charged because his peers had concluded him as such. The laws didn’t find Socrates guilty; Socrates was guiltyRead More The Apology of Socrates: Guilty or Innocent? Essay928 Words   |  4 PagesThe Apology of Socrates: Guilty or Innocent?   Ã‚   In any case of law, when considering truth and justice, one must first look at the validity of the court and the system itself.   In Socrates case, the situation is no different.   One may be said to be guilty or innocent of any crime, but guilt or innocence is only as valid as the court it is subjected to.   Therefore, in considering whether Socrates is guilty or not, it must be kept in mind the norms and standards of Athens at that time, and theRead MoreSocrates: Guilty or Innocent of Charges? Essay2093 Words   |  9 PagesSocrates: Was He Guilty or Innocent of the Crimes He Was Charged With? Most of the information that we learn about Socrates comes from the work and writings of one of his students, Plato. It has been alleged that the great Philosopher wrote nothing down for others to read, and as such, the knowledge and the teachings from Socrates that is relied upon to convey his philosophy and the epic story of his life comes not from himself, but his students who attempt to provide and accurate pictureRead MoreThe Trial of Socrates1543 Words   |  7 PagesIn the trial of Socrates, I juror number 307, Ryan Callahan vote the defendant is Not Guilty on the first charge of Corrupting the youth. My justifications for this vote are as follows. Socrates didn t corrupt the youth, he just shared his ideas with them and they in turn chose the path to take these ideas. Part of understanding this case is understand the time in which the case was held. This time being 399 B.C., a time in which Athens was a free democratic city, a town which prided itself

Structural Functionalist Theory Free Essays

This essay is an attempt to discuss the problems political parties in Zambia are facing by using structural-functionalist and their contributions to liberal democracy. The academic piece shall begin by defining the key terms; those being, structural-functionalist, political parties and liberal democracy. This will be followed by a comprehensive discussion of political parties, focused on, with examples, the Zambian scene. We will write a custom essay sample on Structural Functionalist Theory or any similar topic only for you Order Now Lastly, a brief conclusion based on the discussion will be outlined. â€Å"Functionalism holds that society is a complex system whose various parts work together to produce stability and solidarity† (Giddens 2006:20). It also views society in terms of their functions. Merton (1968), made an important distinctions between manifest and latent functions. The manifest functions of an institution are open, stated, conscious functions. They involve intended, recognized consequences of an aspect of the society such as the university’s role in classifying academic competence and excellence. By contrast, latent functions as unconscious or unintended functions and may reflect hidden purposes of an institution. Structural-functionalist acknowledges that not all parts of the society contribute to its stability all the time. This function refers to an element or process in society that may actually disrupt as social system or lead to a decrease in stability† (Schaefer, 2004: 14). Social life depends on unity and cooperation of a group. The functionalist points out that for society to be stable the different parts of the society must contribute to the stability of society. For instance, the teachers should teach the society to reduce illiteracy, the doctors are making sure that society is healthy, and the police maintain order. Hence society becomes stable since everyone is contributing. According to MacIver (1962), a political party is an association organized in support of some principles or policy which constitutional means it endeavors to make the determinant of government. Not only that, a political party consists of a group of citizens, more or less organized, who act as a political unit and who by the use of their voting power, aim to control the government and carry out their general policies. Similarly, a political party is different from a pressure group, though in some cases the distinction between the two is almost blurred. According to Ball (1976), It may be said that a political party is an organization of numerous people who are openly committed to broad matters of public policy and who want to assume direct responsibility  for their policies by seeking monopolize power or share it with other parties in a position of political power. According to Barker (1951), the panorama of a party system is so fluid that a good number of pressure groups behave like political parties. The cases of fragmentation and polarization of political parties may also be taken note of. It is also possible that some minor political organizations emerge at the time of elections and then they disappear. But the most essential fact remains that three, four even more parties manage to share power. For instance, in Zambia before voting is taken place, there are many parties heard like Movement for Multiparty Development (MMD), United Party for National Development (UPND), Patriot Front (PF) and Heritage Party (HP). But at the end of elections only few will be available to be strong holding oppositions party for example the UPND and MMD. Political parties act as a check against the tendency of absolutism and totalitarianism, ideologies also known by names such as ‘Caesarism’ and ‘Bonapartism’ (CITE). When one party forms government or few form coalition to hold power, other parties play a role of opposition. It not only keeps the government vigilant, it also prevents it from being arbitrary and irresponsible. The leaders of the opposition expose acts of corruption, nepotism, scandals and maladministration in which great men in power are involved. According to Lasswell (1950), the political parties enable the power to hold the government in check. The constant presence of a recognized opposition is an obstacle to despotism, with a programmed fairly within the limits of a possible public opinion, is a bulwark against the tyranny, not only of a despot but also a practical political majority. Significant political developments have occurred in Zambia since the 2001 tripartite elections. After having had two previous elections in 1991 and 1996, the 2001 elections produced a multiparty Parliament for the first time since Zambia’s independence in 1964. These elections seem to signal that the country has moved from a dominant one party political system to a competitive multi-party system According to The Post Newspaper (20/01/2013), opposition parties have serious financial difficulties. And for the new member of the opposition, MMD, this is even worse. The MMD doesn’t know how to operate without a lot of money. They were used to receiving a lot of money from all sorts of characters doing business with government. And the MMD was also parasitic on government institutions for resources. As a result of this, a series of other problems have appeared. Passions about the future of their party rightly fired people up, but wrongly led them to attack and despise their colleagues. The impact of disunity upon members of the party is clear to see. They must in the very near future learn again to display the camaraderie and common purpose that are fundamental to a party’s prospects. If they don’t do so, they stand no chance of being re-elected Also, according to Okar (2005), the ruling parties deliberately employ a â€Å"divide-and rule† tactic to fragment and weaken the opposition parties. Wilson (1956) says, â€Å"The numbers of parties that appeared with the opening to democratization is not a demonstration of increased participation, but rather of fragmentation and therefore weakness of the party systems†. Zambia had more than five political parties, and the dominant party was the movement for multi party democracy (MMD), which ruled the country since 1991 to 2011. According to The Post Newspaper (20/01/2013), opposition political parties like, UPND, that was bound together by regional, cultural and language ties is also now failing to conceal its problems and challenges. The regional, tribal and cultural glue that held them together is also starting to weaken. The hopes that they had of getting into government by 2011 have disappeared. The illusions that they had about their popularity have also dried up. And they can no longer deny the fact that they are a regional political party that has serious problems and challenges becoming national. Their arrogance and pomposity can no longer carry them. The bragging of being this and that has proved unsustainable because it is unrealistic. They can no longer claim to be the most educated, the most knowledgeable when it comes to business and economic matters, the leading entrepreneurs. Parliamentary statistics actually show that UPND has the least educated members of parliament of the three major political parties. And their leader, Hakainde Hichilema, who tried to project himself as a leading entrepreneur, an outstanding economist and a very rich man can no longer lay much claim to these credentials. According to Mwansa,(2012), The leadership of opposition parties suffer from overly rated ambition for power and pride, such that it overcrowds their effective participation on important national matters that affect the citizenry and poor people. They could be more effective by engaging government and the ruling party in debating policy frameworks on how to develop the country. Particularly,  pushing policies that address the needs of poor people such as improving access to clean water and sanitation, quality healthcare, education, rural and agricultural development, and debate macroeconomic policy frameworks required for growth and development, critically contributing to poverty eradication, employment creation and addressing inequalities. According to Soko, (2013), the opposition parties have to find their own political shoes rather than to follow in Sata’s shoes if they are to earn confidence of the electorates on social and developmental programmers’. The strategies the opposition want to use today, of protesting against the Chief Justice, the demand to have a medical board to examine president Sata’s health, the demand to have the constitution changed, among others were Sata’s strategies when he was in the opposition. The opposition just seem to be recycling Sata’s political strategies with the hope of gaining confidence and trust from the Zambians but this will not work for them as they are being viewed as imitators instead of being initiators. Opposition parties are also not given a fair chance by media. Media is always criticizing them and portraying opposition parties in a horrible way. All favor is upon the ruling party which is not supposed to be the case. Lastly, one of the very crucial problems in Africa at present is the unwillingness of the incumbent parties to be opposition parties due to their over-dependence on the benefits available to the ruling parties. Therefore, they are ill-equipped to become the opposition. In conclusion, the ruling party in Zambia should try by all means to incorporate the opposition parties in some development decisions, there also has to be inter-party dialogue over how to move beyond the dominant party situation. Because the ruling party feel comfortable once in power and do not want to give chance to the opposition parties to rule the nation. Media should also be an independent source of information and not favor any party but be like a no man’s land that is not owned by anyone, the opposition parties should be able to broadcast their manifestos to the public. How to cite Structural Functionalist Theory, Papers

Commercial Law for Corporation Act - MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theCommercial Law for Corporation Act. Answer: As per section 198 A of the corporation Act 2001, directors of the company has number of powers and this section define those powers. Clause 2 of this section states that director has power to exercise all their powers related to company, but there is an exception which clarifies directors cannot exercise those powers which need to be exercised in general meeting of the company as per Act or companys constitution. This can be understand with example which states that company directors have power to issue shares and debentures, and borrow money for the company[1]. Section 124 of the Act defines the companys legal capacity and power, and this section stated legal capacity of the company exists both inside and outside of jurisdiction, and power of company also includes power of body corporate, and under this power company can issue shares and cancel those shares[2]. Section 254A states power of company to issue bonus shares, this section stated that company has power to issue shares under section 124 and this power also includes the power to issue bonus shares. However, bonus shares are defined as those shares in which consideration is not paid by shareholders for getting the shares to the issuing company, and company does not increase its share capital while issuing bonus shares[3]. In this case, Waldmart Ltd directors pass resolution in the board meeting to issue bonus shares to those people who are considered as existing shareholders of the company, and power to issue bonus shares is provided to the directors by the constitution of the company. Section 198 of the Act states that director has power to exercise all their powers related to company, and Section 254 A of the Act states that company has power to issue shares under section 124 and this power also includes the power to issue bonus shares, and directors are allowed to issue bonus shares from the Constitution of the company. All these facts state that directors of Waldmart Ltd can issue bonus shares because this power is imposed by various sections of the act as well as constitution of the company. As per section 180 of the Act directors are bound by various duties and this section define these duties, and clause 1 of this section defines the most important duty of director, as director are obliged to exercise their power related to company with due care and diligence that would be exercised by any reasonable person in similar situation it that person is act as the director or officer of the company, occupied the office of the director or such person has same responsibilities as the director. Whereas, clause 2 of this section defines the judgment rule of business, and according to this clause it is the obligation of director that they meet the requirements stated under subsection 1 for the purpose of making the business judgment. However, it is the duty of directors that they make the judgments related to business in good faith, and ensure that their judgment must be in the best interest of the organization[4][5]. Therefore, shareholders cannot deny or overrule the decision made by directors in direct way, but different ways are provided by law, through which they can overrule the decisions of directors such as, those shareholders who holds at least 5% stake in the company compel the directors of the company to call general meeting. In such general meeting shareholders of the company can determine the resolution passed by directors for the purpose of overrule the decision made by directors. Some legal rights are also available to the shareholders if directors of the company do not act in the companys interest[6]. In this situation, Better Super Ltd and the other shareholder of the company can force or compel the directors of the company to call general meeting for reconsidering their decisions. Provisions related to dividend payment in company is defined by section 254U of the Corporation Act 2001, and as per this section payment of dividend can be determined by directors of the company, and they also have power to fix the rate or amount on which dividend is payable, time for dividend payment, and also the method of payment. Method for paying the dividend includes various methods such as cash payment, issue of shares, granting options to existing shareholders, and the transfer of interest. This section further states that any kind of interest on dividend is not payable[7]. According to section 254T of the Act define the situations in which directors can pay dividend to shareholders, and subsection 1 of this section states that company can only pay dividend when liabilities of the company are less than the assets of the company just before the declaration of dividend, and it is necessary that such excess amount must be sufficient for making the payments to shareholders. It must be noted that directors are not allowed to pay dividend unless they show that payment made by them is fair and reasonable for both shareholders as well as for company, and such payment does not affect the materially affect the ability of the company to make payment to its creditors. For example, in case company become insolvent after paying dividend to its existing shareholders, then this payment materially affect the capacity of company to make payment to its creditors. However, Section 588G also states that it is duty of director to prevent insolvent trading in context of declaration and payment of dividend. Subsection 2 of this section stated that for the purpose of this section all assets and liabilities of the company are calculated as per the applicable accounting standards. However, assets and liabilities are still calculated as per accounting standards even though those standards are not applicable to some or all the related companies[8]. As stated above, Section 588G of the Act that it is duty of director to prevent insolvent trading in context of declaration and payment of dividend, and this section further stated that applicability of this section is possible only in case when person holds the position of director in the company at that time when debt is incurred, and when company become insolvent due to that debt. However, at that time reasonable grounds must be there to believe that company is insolvent or it would become insolvent. Clause A of subsection 1 of this section for the purpose of incurring debt, company must pay dividend or companys constitution states the payment of dividend[9]. In the present case, Waldmart Ltd directors make proposal in the meeting to declare dividend and they also make proposal to increase the rate of dividend up to 25%. Directors increased the rate of dividend because existing shareholders of the company rejects the remuneration report of directors in last general meeting, and that time first strike is received by the company. According to the opinion of directors of the company, they are confident that their dividend proposal would please the shareholders of the company so that they did not make any issue related to first strike. However, letter was issued by directors to the shareholders of the company, and letter contains the justification related to remuneration report on the part of directors which contains reasons related to excess remuneration and importance of approving the reports. Jim Smith holds the position of manager in Better Super Ltd has 4% stake in the equity of waldmart Ltd. As per the opinion of Jim and other shareholders, decision of directors for issuing bonus shares is not the right decision, and they also think that increasing rate of dividend is also not right during this unstable financial position of the company. In this case, directors do not act in the best interest of the company by declaring the dividend, and this is considered as breach of duty. Therefore, shareholders of the company can apply for order from Court under section 232 of the Corporation Act 2001, and this remedy is availbale to shareholders under section 234[10] of the Corporation Act 2001[11]. According to section 232 of the Act, Court can make order under section 233 if any affairs of the company, any act or omission on companys behalf, and any resolution or proposed resolution passed by directors of the company contravene the member interest in the company[12]. In the corporation Act 2001, new amendment was introduced on 1st July 2011, and this amendment named as two strikes. However, the main aim of this amendment is to increase the accountability of directors related to their remunerations. As per this amendment directors of the company clearly face the re-election on remuneration reports if shareholders of the company are not agreed with the amount paid to directors of the company[13]. According to this amendment first strike occurred when remuneration report of the company received no vote of 25% at AGM of the company from the existing shareholders. However, remuneration report of the company contains the salary and bonus details related to each director of the company. Obligation is also imposed on directors in this amendment to provide explanation to the shareholders concern stated in previous remuneration report, and these explanations are provided by directors in subsequent remuneration report under section 249L (2), the Remuneration Amendment Act. In this amendment, second strike occurred when subsequent remuneration report of the company received no vote of 25% at AGM of the company from the existing shareholders. If second strike is received by the company then all shareholders of the company voted on the matter of re-election. It must be noted that this matter of re-election is determined in the same annual general meeting in which second strike occurred. After this spill meeting take place within 90 days of AGM, if spill resolution receives 50% or more votes. This can be understand in other words also, which means that in case spill resolution received equal to or more than 50% votes, then company must held extra ordinary general meeting of the shareholders of the company within 90 days of passing the spill resolution. This meeting is also named as spill meeting, and in this meeting shareholders of the company has power to remove all the directors except CEO, and if shareholders exercise this power then deeming provision is applicable there which ensures that at least three directors must be there. In case spill meeting is not hold by the company in 90 days of passing the spill resolution then each person who holds the director position in the company is liable for the offence committed under strict liability stated under Section 250W, the Remuneration Amendment Act. This new amendment aims binding vote on remuneration report and policy of the company, and this amendment gives power to shareholders to spill the directors of the company under second strike. The main purpose of spill meeting is to decide whether board of the company is retained or not[14]. This new amendment is more useful as compared to old provision, and the difference between the two strike rule and the previous law CLERP 9 is because in this new amendment provision is stated that directors replied to the shareholders concern even after the first strike in case of listed Australian companies. Therefore, this rule is described as wreaking havoc by the Mr. John Colvin, CEO of the Australian Institute of Company Directors (AICD)[15]. Bibliography Statute Corporation Act 2001. corporations amendment (improving accountability on director and executive remuneration) bill 2011. Article Lin Elicia, Shareholder oppression explained, https://www.findlaw.com.au/articles/4614/shareholder-oppression-explained.aspx. Georgia Wilkins, What is the 'two-strikes' rule, (2012) https://www.smh.com.au/business/agm-season/what-is-the-twostrikes-rule-20121008-278us.html. Website Legal service commission, General Duties of Directors - Corporations Act 2001 (Ctth), https://www.lawhandbook.sa.gov.au/ch05s01s03s02.php. Law Donut, Shareholder and boardroom disputes FAQs, https://www.lawdonut.co.uk/business/business-ownership-and-management/shareholder-and-boardroom-disputes/shareholder-and-boardroom-disputes-faqs#SBD10. Reza Monema Chew Ng, Australias two-strikes rule and the pay-performance link: Are shareholders judicious, https://www98.griffith.edu.au/dspace/bitstream/handle/10072/54958/90206_1.pdf?sequence=1.

10 literary terms (hyperbole, onomatopoeia, interjection,imagery, dialogue, alliteration, allusion, personification, simile, metaphor Essay Example

10 literary terms (hyperbole, onomatopoeia, interjection,imagery, dialogue, alliteration, allusion, personification, simile, metaphor Essay Example 10 literary terms (hyperbole, onomatopoeia, interjection,imagery, dialogue, alliteration, allusion, personification, simile, metaphor Paper 10 literary terms (hyperbole, onomatopoeia, interjection,imagery, dialogue, alliteration, allusion, personification, simile, metaphor Paper Essay Topic: Literature allusion A reference to another work of literature, person, or event personification attributing human qualities to something non-human, 2. acting as an example of simile A comparison using like or as metaphor figure of speech comparing two different things onomatopoeia A word that imitates the sound it represents. interjection A word that shows strong emotion or surprise imagery Description that appeals to the senses (sight, sound, smell, touch, taste) hyperbole An exaggeration dialogue Communication between two or more people alliteration Repetition of initial consonant sounds

state and nation building in Arica

state and nation building in Arica African countries are independent and sovereign; however, most of the African countries are going under stress. This is largely because most of the African states are not nation-states, where African leaders neglect nation-building and rather focus on state-building. They seek to provide human security and other needs necessary to build the state. However, by state-building, it is an act which is at the expense of others religious and ethnic groups within that state. Hence, this has spearheaded most African conflicts due to deprivation of human needs. Therefore, this essay seeks to validate to which extent African leaders are good at state building and not nation-building.State-building can be defined as the establishment, re-establishment, and strengthening of a public structure in a given territory capable of delivering public goods. Nation-building is the most common form of a process of collective identity formation with a view to legitimizing public power within a given territor y (Bogdandy, HÂÆ'Â ¤uÂÆ'Ÿler, Hanschmann, Raphael 2005).Nation-building should be in a bid to accommodate and build good relations between cultural, ethnic, racial, religious and other salient social identities; however, nation-building is a big challenge to most African leaders (Masunungure 2006). According to Mandela (1965) a leader is like a shepherd, he stays behind the flock, letting the most nibble to go on ahead were upon others follow not realising that all along they are being directed from behind therefore, leadership is the probity of an individual actor where a leader demonstrates leadership through their personal characteristics and how they behave. Bernard C (1938) defines leadership as "the ability of a superior to influence the behaviour of subordinates and pursue them to follow a particular course of action. In this essay a nation building can be understood as the unification, elimination of segregation in society through religion, ethnicity, and colour...

The Question of Who Gets Stop-searched by the Police has Dominated Essay

The Question of Who Gets Stop-searched by the Police has Dominated Debate - Essay Example Within these ‘sensitive’ zones, the senior police officials were given the power to search any individual even without grounds for reasonable suspicion and seize materials allegedly used for terrorism, whether or not there are any actual grounds for believing that the materials were actually present, or used for terror acts. The law enforcement agencies are also under no obligations to justify their search action and the Police Community Support Officers (PCSOs) are vested with this special power, when there is a uniformed police officer accompanying them. The stop and search powers were supported by House of Lords in R (Gillan) v Commissioner of Police for the Metropolis in 2006.1 Due to high instances of racial profiling in the process of stop and search, UK police have faced widespread criticisms for their methods used, with rising concerns amongst human rights activists and political circles on â€Å"racial profiling† leading to demands and proposal to restrai n UK police from conducting the stop or search with racial bias. Various levels of scholarly, policy and legal, analyses have been conducted, with focus on stop and search and its application and distribution across varying social groups (different ethnic, religious and racial minorities).2 In the studies related to stop and search, the leading question that has taken the limelight is who gets searched, but the more important questions that have been often been neglected concern how people get stop-searched, and whether stop-search does more harm than good. This article will explore the impacts of stop and search and the methods used, and study to see whether it is a more important aspect in this entire issue, than focusing only on who is stopped and searched. Discussion The power to Stop and search The power to stop and search in section 44 under UK Terrorism Act 2000 allows any uniformed police officer to stop any individual (a pedestrian) or a vehicle located within the ‘se nsitive zones.’ Section 44 has resulted due to various extensions to UK Prevention of Terrorism (Temporary Provisions) Act 1989 made applicable through the Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994 and the UK Prevention of Terrorism Act 1996. UK parliament implemented the measures were implemented by the UK parliament as responses to the bombings in London by the Irish Republican Army in 1992, 1993 and 1996 (in Docklands). The UK government contended that the newly established powers provided a chance to repress the terror acts and protect the citizens. The Section 44 of the UK Terrorism Act 2000 now states: 1. An authorisation under this subsection authorises any constable in uniform to stop a vehicle in an area or at a place specified in the authorisation and to search — (a) The vehicle; (b) The driver of the vehicle; (c) A passenger in the vehicle; (d) anything in or on the vehicle or carried by the driver or a passenger. 2. An authorisation under this subsection a uthorises any constable in uniform to stop a pedestrian in an area or at a place specified in the authorisation and to search — (a) the pedestrian; (b) anything carried by him. 3. An authorisation under subsection (1) or (2) may be given only if the person giving it considers it expedient for the prevention of acts of terrorism. 4. An

How the employee motivation techniques and theories currently being Dissertation

How the employee motivation techniques and theories currently being used in different organisations can be changed or improved t - Dissertation Example By examining the factors that lead to job satisfaction and dissatisfaction, the report intends to establish employee motivation techniques and strategies that organizations can employee for long term employee retention. Qualitative data was collected from employees of Standard Chartered and CO-Operative banks in the United Kingdom. The factors that made employees have job satisfaction and be motivated were explored in detail. The main focus of this study is on what sustainable measures organizations can use to motivate their employees in order to reduce employee turnover. The study was based on different motivation theories that were used to guide data collection and analysis. Table of Contents Acknowledgements 2 Abstract 3 CHAPTER ONE 1 1.0 Introduction 1 1.1Background of the Study 2 1.3 Statement of the Problem 3 1.4 Purpose of the Study 3 1.5 Research Questions 3 1.6 Research Objectives 4 CHAPTER TWO 4 2.0 Literature Review 4 2.1 Employee Retention 5 2.2 Motivation 6 2.3 Employee Motivation 6 2.4 Need Theories of Motivation 7 2.4.1 Maslow’s hierarchy of needs 7 2.4.2 Herzberg’s two factor theory 8 2.5 Equity Theory 9 2.6 Vroom’s Expectancy Theory 10 2.7Job Design 12 2.7.1 Job characteristics model 12 CHAPTER THREE 15 3.0 Research Methodology 15 3.1Research Philosophy 15 3.1.1 Positivism 15 3.1.2 Interpretivism 16 3.2 Research Design 16 3.3 Research Strategy 17 3.3.1 Case study 17   3.4 Population 18 3.5 Data Collection and Instrumentation 18 3.6 Data Analysis 19 3.7 Ethical Considerations 20 3.8 Limitations and De-limitations 21 CHAPTER FOUR 22 4.0 Data Presentation and Analysis 22 4.1 Participant Demographics 22 4.2 Job Satisfaction Factors 23 4.3 Case Study Analysis 25 CHAPTER FIVE 26 5.0 Conclusion and Recommendations 26 5.2 Recommendations 27 5.2.1 Work-life balance consideration 27 5.2.2Transformational leadership and management 27 Works Cited 28 List of Figures Figure 1: Maslow’s hierarchy of needs (Maslow, 54)†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦..8 Figure 2: Vroom’s theory of expectancy model (Vroom, 1964)†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..10 Figure 3: Job Characteristics Model of Work Motivation (Hackman & Oldham, 78).................14 Figure 4: Factors for employee motivation...................................................................................25 List of Tables Table 1: Issues to Address Concerning Employees with Regard to Expectancy Theory†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.....11 Table 2: Demographics of the study participants..........................................................................23 Table 3: Response of Participants on Factors for Employee Motivation.....................................23 CHAPTER ONE 1.0 Introduction It is the goal of every organization and business to be successful and have competitive advantage in its industry. In the contemporary b usiness environment, characterized by globalization and changing demographics such as Generation Y, organizations face many challenges in their quest to remain competitive. Additionally, advances in information and communications technologies (ICT) and changing consumer patterns have driven organizations globally to adopt new organizational structures and methods of production that have greatly enhanced the mobility of people, and in turn, facilitated the rate of employee turnover. An organization’s human capital is its greatest resource and crucial to its success or failure. In most cases, qualified and well-trained staff who are committed and motivated can be a source of competitive advantage. Losing competent employees can be detrimental to the productivity of an organization. With regard to this, recruiting the right employees is a challenge, but retaining these employees is

Organisational Behaviour Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 8

Organisational Behaviour - Essay Example Human relations approach resulted in greater production through humanization of an organization because it strove for greater understanding of people’s social needs. Classical approaching in understanding organizations considers an organization in terms of its function as well as the formal structure. The classical approach believes organizations emphasis on planning work, technical requirements for the organization and the assumption of rational as well as logical behaviour. The approach believes that a clear understanding of the functions of an organization is essential in understanding the way the organization works as well as the steps necessary in improving the method of working. Moreover, the classical approach considers the identification of goals as essential in clarifying purposes together with responsibilities in the various levels of an organization. The approach gives attention to the allotment of work, apparent definition of tasks and maintaining specialization an d coordination. Recently, attention shifted to understanding of organizations in terms of systems where a number of interrelated subsystems are linked. The systems approach tries to combine the classical and human relations approaches since attention in this approach focuses on the work organizations as well as the interrelations of structures and behaviour as well as the various variables in the organization. The system approaches persuades managers to consider an organization both as a whole and as portions of a larger environment with the notion that activities in any part of the organization influence other parts. Classical theory emphasized the need for improving the organizational structure as a way of increasing efficiency by emphasizing principles of design in the logical structure of an organization. According to Donaldson (2000), there are various common principles that relate to every form of organization with particular attention in principle of

Theories of Cesare Lombroso: Born Criminal

Theories of Cesare Lombroso: Born Criminal In this report I will be exploring the theories developed by Italian criminologist, Cesare Lombroso and the ethical implications of his work. He was the founder of the Italian school of Criminology, and is also considered to be one of the pioneers of the field due to his world wide appeal and notorious studies and ideas. Cesare Lombroso was born in Verona, Italy in November 1835 and died in October 1909. His work gained a lot of attention in the area of criminology during the end of the 19th century and has been hugely influential since. His ideas have spread not just through Europe and the United States of America but across the world. His work has attracted many admirers and critics and sparked many debates on the grounds of ethics and morality. He is often referred to and considered as the father of modern criminology (Wolfgang, 1972:232). He studied at universities in Italy and France and specialised in the fields of mental health, medicine and criminology. He was the director of an insane asylum, he then became a professor of forensic medicine and hygiene and later became a professor in criminal anthropology (Wolfgang 1972), though he is best know as the founder of the Italian school of Criminology. Lombroso abandoned the recognized Classical school of thought (eighteenth century work of Jeremy Bentham and Cesare Beccaria) which assumed that people have free will in decision making. Instead he drew upon theories from physiognomy, eugenics, psychiatry and social Darwinism. Lombroso fundamentally stated that criminal behaviour was inherent and that a born criminal could be identified from their physical imperfections, which defined a criminal as atavistic or as an evolutionary throwback. Lombrosos ideas come out at a time when Italy was going through many social and economic problems, poverty and police corruption where among a few them. There were also concerns with recidivism and prison population. Whats more, the cost of policing cities and imprisoning criminals was ever growing. Every one of of these issues increased public awareness in crime and criminal behaviour, and as prisons growingly became over populated more importance was placed on predicting and identifying individuals that were liable to commit crime, this raises ethical questions of prejudice and discrimination. Lombrosos general theory suggested that criminals are distinguished from non criminals by multiple physical anomalies. He claimed that criminals represented degeneration to a primitive type of man characterized by physical features similar to that of apes and early man. (Atavistic behaviour the tendency to revert to ancestral type) Lombroso popularised the notion of the born criminal through biological determinism, claiming that criminal behaviour was not free will but biologically determined (opposes classical school). He claimed that criminals have particularly distinct physical attributes and abnormalities. He drew upon concepts from; Physiognomy which attempts to approximate personality or character traits based on physical features from the face or the body; Eugenics, which is the study of selective breeding applied to humans; Psychiatry, which is the treatment and study of mental disorders and social Darwinism or popularly known as survival of the fittest. Lombroso became convinced that the born criminal could be anatomically identified by physical atavistic stigmas such as; large jaws, low slanting foreheads, high cheekbones, flattened or upturned nose, handle shaped ears, prominent chins, hawk like noses, fleshy lips, shifty eyes, scanty beard or baldness, insensitivity to pain and long arms. These were all apparent indicators of criminality. Lombrosos theory of the born criminal or of atavism was influenced by his medical background. Whilst at university he achieved a degree in medicine and in surgery. Throughout his time at university he developed an interest in psychology, which later advanced into an interest in psychiatry. Lombroso volunteered as a medical doctor for the army, during this time he observed 3000 soldiers and attempted to measure their physical differences (Wolfgang 1972). Lombroso supported the study of individuals using skull measurements in compiling data. He attempted to develop a scientific method to calculate criminal behaviour and identify individuals capable of the most aggressive and sadistic types of criminal activity. It was from this experience of examining soldiers that he formed his observations on tattooing. He later identified tattooing as a characteristic of a criminal. The essential idea of Lombrosos work came to him as he autopsied the body of an Italian criminal. Whilst looking at the skull of the criminal he noticed certain characteristics that were similar to that of skulls of inferior races and/or of apes. Lombroso carried out research through years of post-mortem examinations and anthropometric studies of criminals, the insane and normal individuals. His research methods were clinical and descriptive, with precise details of skull dimensions and other measurements. However he did not have adequate control groups which might have altered his general conclusions. Lombroso also studied female criminality. This began with measurements of females skulls and photographs in his search for atavism. He found that female criminals were rare and showed little signs of degeneration. Lombroso argued it was the females natural passivity that withheld them from breaking the law, as they lacked the intelligence and initiative to become criminal. Further, women who commit crimes had different physical characteristics, such as excessive body hair, wrinkles, and an abnormal skull (Lombroso 1980). In attempting to predict criminality by the shapes of the skulls and other physical features of criminals, he had in effect created a new pseudoscience of forensic phrenology and craniometry. Ethics was not an issue for Lombroso during his lifetime because his work was carried out in a time when poverty, police corruption and crime rates were at a high. It was also a period in which many states of Italy were ruled by foreign powers such as Austria and France. Italy was divided into separate states, for example the Papal State, Venice and the Kingdom of two Sicilys. These divisions meant that Italy did not have a combined sense of national direction. There was also a history of a wealthy and poor divide between the north and south of Italy. The north of Italy had a history of wealth and it also became Europes foremost producer of silk. However the south of Italy had a record of being poor. The main resource of the south of Italy was farming but any advances in farming techniques practised in the north of Italy and throughout Europe had not reached the south and several regions had turned to crime and banditry. Education was poor and many children went to work on the farms and in sulphur mines. It was from this poverty and lack of education that the Sicilian mafia was formed during the mid 1800s. Crime, poverty and police corruption were among just a few of the social and economic problems faced by the country, and to add to its woes, Italy was one of the most over crowded countries in Europe. This led to less jobs being available and those jobs that were available offered low wages, taxes were high and crime rates were increasing, this in turn led to over crowded prisons and a higher rate of recidivism due to a lack of opportunities for those newly released from incarceration. This then led to a higher cost of policing all of the cities and imprisoning criminals and repeat offenders. There was a strong distinction between the industrial liberal north and the agricultural, conservative south. However, many of the people of Italy had hoped that unification of the country would end the poverty and in time reduce crime rates. This was not the case, though many parts of the north of Italy had advanced the country was still in turmoil and by the time Italy had gained Independence and was unified it was a relatively new yet weak country. It is then, for all of these reasons that I believe ethics was not an issue for Lombroso. He provided the people of Italy with an answer or a reason to why certain people acted criminally or were criminals. People for hundreds of years have believed in the typical stereotypes of criminals. A person was labelled a criminal if they had shifty eyes, was unshaven or gruff looking, had a bent posture or a muscular physique. Lombrosos work gave scientific confirmation to back up and support this common way of thinking. His work, therefore, ethical or not, was not questioned. His theories also provided a new way to study crime; it allowed or helped the police to identify criminals before these criminals actually committed any sort of crime. Lombrosos idea of the born criminal raises the question of nature vs. nurture. The classical school of thought holds that crime is acted upon free will and choices made by the individual. However, Lombroso believed that criminals were born with the innate desire and inclination to commit crime or that they had some form of genetic or mental disorder which caused them to become criminals; such as sufferers of epilepsy and schizophrenia. He believed that there was a correlation between the born criminal and the mentally retarded in addition to the epileptic. In addition, Lombroso argued that although the rates of crime were low for females, they were fiercer in their actions. He held the idea that women were like children; they were unforgiving, envious, morally lacking and predisposed to spitefulness (Lombroso 1980). Also, as well as distinctive physical characteristics being identifiers of a criminal, he believed that criminal slang and tattooing were indicative of criminals. His theories raise many ethical issues; if his ideas were practised today there would be an outrage and an outcry of immorality. If Lombrosos work was being considered by an ethics committee today, they would firstly have to consider a number of major ethical issues, such as; what is being studied, who is being studied and how is the study going to be carried out. The first issue of what is being studied is not so much an ethical concern because crime, crime reduction and criminal behaviour have always been studied as it is an immense social need. However, the second issue of who is being studied brings to light many ethical concerns within Lombrosos work. More often than not, focus for research is put on the poor and minorities, ignoring the middle classes that may be committing white collar crime. In Lombrosos case he focused on ethnic minorities, namely black people and those with physical or mental abnormalities, ignoring other causative factors such as poverty, involvement in illegal activity and a low standard or a lack of education. One must then ask the question; is it ethical to publicise prejudiced or subjective research findings which lead to further prejudice and discrimination. Also Lombrosos study of female criminality raises ethical questions; he considered them inferior and incapable of committing crime, however those that did commit crime shared the same characteristics as their male counterparts, such as physical or mental abnormalities. The third issue of how the study is going to be conducted also raises a number of ethical concerns. Lombrosos methods included observing soldiers whilst volunteering for medical services in the army; he also received permission to study mental patients in a hospital in Pavia (Wolfgang 1972). One must ask whether or not the people he observed were aware of the fact that they were being studied in an effort to prove the significance of physical and mental abnormalities in relation to crime and crime rates. He also lacked adequate control groups which may have altered his conclusions; this then raises questions about the accuracy of his data. Though nobody could be directly, physically harmed the consequences of being branded a criminal purely on physical appearances or mental fragility, in this day and age, would be terrible. Not only were his ideas unethical and prejudiced, but they were racist and sexist. The assumption that someone is born criminal takes away peoples ability of choice and one could argue that this implies we as individuals have no free will and if we appear different, dependent on the definition of normal, then we are criminals or at least inclined that way. His ideas have a huge potential for harm as they abandon all other possibilities and causes of delinquency. Poverty, alcoholism, involvement in criminal activity, social class and poor or lack of education were all factors of crime but were ignored. Lombrosos ideas came at a convenient time which allowed the higher class to not take into account the existing social problems and possible reasons for crime. However, Lombrosos theories were later shown to be highly inconsistent or plainly inexistent, and theories based on the environmental causation of criminality became dominant. Although Cesare Lombroso is regarded as a pioneer of criminology, his work came under heavy criticism with social scientists and also raised many ethical questions. Lombroso was hugely criticised for his theories regarding the born criminal, atavism and phrenology. However, there are criminologists today that would argue that criminals are indeed born that way. There are also many that believe that brain pathology is a cause of violent crime. Let us not forget though that he paved the way for others to examine the influence of biology relating to criminal behaviour. Although his theories have been scientifically discredited, Lombroso had the plus point of bringing up the importance of the scientific studies of the criminal mind, a field which became known as criminal anthropology. Also despite the unscientific nature of his theories, Lombroso was hugely influential throughout the world. However, considering all of Lombrosos theories and the ethical implications of his work, one could argue that if his work was brought in front of an ethics committee today, he would be rejected ethics approval to carry out any further studies or research, as it is the responsibility of the ethics committee to protect the rights, safety and welfare of any persons involved in any kind of research or study. A Philosophy of Graphic Design: Moving So Fast A Philosophy of Graphic Design: Moving So Fast Every new movement in graphic design played a major historical role and contributed to the latest of todays digital revolution. From pictographs and the innovation of the alphabetic system to photomontage, it seems that time flew by. Appreciate the artists and designers that have made possible the field of graphic design. What is Graphic Design? Go beyond the perception of an image into a field of art and design. When I look at art I interpret the image the way I want to, but when I see graphic design I automatically assume propaganda and decipher the message of its designer. My view of graphic design is the different elements selected and certain guidelines followed to display a specific message to its audience. It sets off an emblematic communication in a visual form. Modernism in Design In the 20th century, graphic designers pursued complete freedom for their visual communications and graphic language of form. Contributors in the modern movement of design declared to be anti-art and they developed adverse fundamentals. Their designs reflected a distasted view as a reaction of deficient ethical codes and the world war. Modernism brought the inspirations of cubism, dada (the style and techniques of a group of artists and writers of the early 20th c. who exploited accidental and incongruous effects in their work and who programmatically challenged established canons of art, thought, and morality, ch.13 pg. 2), surrealism, expressionism, and futurism (a revolutionary movement in which all the arts were to test their ideas and forms against the new realities of scientific and industrial society, ch.13 pg. 1) in reference to be relieved of traditional guidelines and phonetic characters of typographic design. The modernism movement was influenced by Fortunato Deperos (1892-1960, was among the artists who applied futurist philosophy to graphic and advertising design, he produced a dynamic body of work in poster, typographic, and advertising design, ch.13 pg. 4) work. As a young painter he shifted his designs towards futurism and in 1927 he published Depero futurista. Calligrammes (poems in which the letterforms are arranged to form a visual design, figure, or pictograph, Ch.13 pg. 2) was a book published in 1918 by Guillaume Apollinaire (1880-1918, French poet who was closely associated with the cubists and was involved in a rivalry with Filippo Marinetti, ch.13 pg. 4) who introduced the concept of different views in the same work. John Heartfield (1891-1968, was a Berlin Dadaist who held vigorous revolutionary political beliefs and oriented many of their artistic activities toward visual communications to raise public consciousness and promote social change, ch.13 pg. 4) fashioned visual communications to stimulate community attentiveness and improvement. Heartfield used photomontage (the technique of manipulating found photographic images to create jarring juxtapositions and chance associations, ch. 13 pg. 2) as an active propaganda deterrent. Futurism was a responsive type of poetry that indicated modernism. Futurism also strained poets and graphic designers to reconsider the disposition of the typographic word and its significance. Kasimir Malevich (1878-1935, founded a painting style of basic forms and pure color that he called suprematism, Ch. 15, 9g. 2) approached futurism and cubism but then created an unintentional style in the belief that the spirit of the art skill was the effect of color and form that it had on a persons perception. Suprematism/ Constructivism The modern-art movements and the interaction requirements of the world war distressed the attitude toward poster design. Futurisms belligerent and progressive methods were embraced by the Dadaists, de stijl, and constructivists (criticized abstract painters for their inability to break the umbilical cord connecting them to traditional art and boasted that constructivism had moved from laboratory work to practical application, ch.15 pg. 1). Lucien Bernhard (1883-1972, repainted the proper 19th c. dà ©cor of his familys home while his father was away on a three-day business trip, ch.14 pg. 2) attended Munich Glaspalast Exhibition of Interior Decoration at age fifteen and he also encouraged Plakatstil (the reductive, flat-color design school that emerged in Germany early in the 20th century, ch.14 pg. 1). His captivating perception of colors motivated his paintings. When he ran away from home he became an unsuccessful poet and entered a poster contest; his poster became the first-prize winner after Ernst Growald convinced the jury members that it was brilliant although it was originally vetoed. This self-taught young artist probably did not realize it at the time, but he had moved graphic communications one step further in the simplification and reduction of naturalism into a visual language of shape and sign. (Meggs and Purvis, Ch. 14/pg. 270) Bernhard also designed trademarks and typefaces. The posters of Ludwig Hohlwein (1874-1949, a leading Plakatstil designer of Munich, ch.14 pg. 3) initiated his career as a graphic illustrator. His initial inspiration was the Beggarstaffs, but unlike the Beggarstaffs and Bernhard, he applied texture and decorative pattern to the shapes of his images and incorporated bold, sans-serif type, which sometimes became part of the image. Later, he introduced gradation and tone to his simple, powerful shapes making them more naturalistic. After World War I, cubist ideas inspired a new direction in pictorial images called art deco. The influences included cubism, the Bauhaus, and Suprematism (a painting style of basic forms and pure color founded by Kasimir Malevich, ch.15 pg. 1). The modern eras streamlining, zigzag, and ornamental geometry still fulfilled the desires of art nouveau. Edward McKnight Kauffer (1890-1954, an American graphic designer who worked in London incorporating cubism directly into his work, ch.14 pg. 3) and A. M. Cassandre (1901-1968, a Ukrainian immigrant who played major role in defining the approach of incorporating cubism directly into his work, ch.14 pg. 3) contributed an immense part in defining this new method. Kauffer showed how cubism could be used as a robust communicative impact for graphic design. Cassandre had achieved an integrated structure and brief implication of graphic design. Other important graphic designers and illustrators of this era offered an unbiased breakdown of the arousing importance of visual fundamentals that was formed during World War II. Russia held the origins of suprematism and constructivism, although Holland was lured more into the movement of de Stijl. El Lissitzky (influenced by Kasimir Malevich and applied suprematist theory to constructivism in which he transformed suprematist design elements into political symbolism for communication purposes, Ch. 15, pg. 3) brought the ideas of suprematism and constructivism into Western Europe. De Stijl Art was not the drive for designers everyday goal. The De Stijl (this movement was launched in the Netherlands in the late summer of 1917, ch.15 pg. 2) movement more of considered the everyday goal to be in the essence of art. Working in an abstract geometric style the leaders of this movement sought universal laws of equilibrium and harmony for art, which could then be a prototype for a new social order described by Theo van Doesburg (the founder and guiding spirit of the De Stijl movement who had also applied De Stijl principals to architecture, sculpture, and typography, ch.15 pg. 3). The leaders advocated the absorption of pre art by applied art. The spirit of art could then permeate society through architectural, product, and graphic design. (Meggs and Purvis, Ch. 15/pg. 299) Theo van Doesburg preferred to use sans-serif typefaces in his designs. Although influenced by cubism and constructivism, poster designers were conscious of the need to maintain a pictorial reference if their posters were to communicate persuasively with the general public; they walked a tightrope between the creation of expressive and symbolic images on the one hand and concern for the total visual organization of the picture plane on the other. (Meggs and Purvis, Ch. 14 pg. 269) The impact of modern art presented a type of momentum for graphics and also exposed an unrestrained correlation between design and imagery. The Bauhaus School of Design Pursuing a different consensus of art and technology, the Bauhaus School of Design was developed. By 1923 the Bauhaus school accentuated towards rationalism and design for the machine. Bauhaus moved to Dessau in 1925 because of unresolved issues with the local government. Under pre-meditated accusations of un-German typography and refusing a teaching job, Jan Tschichold (the son of a designer and sign painter in Leipzig, Germany, who applied the new design approaches to a wide audience of printers, typesetters, and designers through his book Die Neue Typographie, ch.16 pg. 3) was arrested by Nazis in 1933. He was known for producing a new style of typography that reflected traditional typography. The accomplishments and influences of the Bauhaus school created a viable, modern design movement spanning architecture, product design, and visual communications. A modernist approach to visual education was developed, and the facultys class preparation and teaching methods made a major contribution to visual theory. In dissolving the boundaries between fine and applied arts, the school tried to bring art into a close relationship with life by way of design, which was seen as a vehicle for social change and cultural revitalization. The Nazi Party were followers of Adolf Hitler, who wore brown shirts with red armbands bearing a black swastika in a white circle, dominated the Dessau city council, and cancelled Bauhaus faculty contracts in 1932 and the faculty voted to dissolve the school, and on August 10,1932 it closed. (Meggs and Purvis, Ch. 16/pg. 318) Piet Zwart (was an architect who had become a typographic designer, as well as a teacher, ch.16 pg. 3) fashioned a mixture of the Dada movements joyful essence and de Stijls simplicity. Zwart, created the word typotekt, which expressed the working process of the new typography as designs were fabricated from resources in the typecase. In 1933 Zwart was classified among the contemporary geniuses of the graphic design profession. The New York School Many of the pioneers of the New York School were either guest lecturers or served on the faculty of Yale Universitys graphic design program. This program contributed to the advancement of graphic design and design education throughout the world, as many of its alumni have become prominent designers and educators. (Meggs and Purvis, Ch. 19/pg. 382) Milton Glaser (b. 1929, he created images using flat shapes formed by thin, black-ink contour lines, adding color by applying adhesive color films, Ch. 21 pg. 4) taught design at the school of visual arts in new york. He became highly famous because of his I Love NY logo. Paul Rand (1914-1996, his magazine covers broke with the traditions of American publication design, manipulated visual form and skillful analysis of communications content, reducing it to a symbolic essence without making it sterile or dull, Ch. 19, pg. 2) understood the modern movement completely and began the American advance to modern design. Many artistic individuals were attracted to New York City and brought the driving of creativity during the 20th century. Paul Rand scrutinized a message by communicating it through dynamic visual form, and his incorporation of photography, drawing, and logo. From his success, Rand became an independent designer, especially in trademark and corporate design. His work inspired a generation of designers. New York City had been responsive to new ideas and images and in the 1950s-1960s new advances in graphic design were generated from typographic trends. Figurative typography (a playful direction taken by New York graphic designers, letterforms became objects; objects became letterforms, Ch. 19 pg. 1) surfaced among New York graphic designers. Gene Federico (1919-1999, was one of the first graphic designers to delight in using letterforms as images, Ch. 19 pg. 4) directed figurative typography and was one of the first graphic designers who used letterforms as images. Herb Lubalin (a total generalist whose achievements include advertising and editorial design, trademark and typeface design, posters, and packaging, Ch. 19 pg. 4) expressed the artistic capacity of phototypography, exposing negatives of alphabet characters to photographic papers, and therefore was known as the typographic genius of his time. He looked at characters of the alphabet as a way of giving visual form to a concept or message. Lubalin experimented with the elastic and dynamic qualities of phototypography which strengthened the printed image. Through his work and the founding of International Typeface Corporation (ITC), as well as UIc journal, his design styles impacted typographic design greatly in the 1970s. Corporate Identity During the 1950s, visual identification systems went further than Trademarks (any name or symbol registered and used by a manufacturer to identify its goods, Ch. 20 pg. 1). The regularity of how a trademark was used showed an efficiency of quality for its identity. Good design is good business was the call of supporters in the graphic design society. Some corporate leaders understood that companies needed a desirable design that specifically identified their company to ensure an independent reputation. American designers integrated corporate identity as a major design movement. The CBS trademark was the most successful trademark of the 20th c. due to the aptitude of art and design in corporate affairs that was understood perfectly by William Golden (1911-1959, CBS art director for almost two decades, Ch. 20 pg. 2) and CBSs president. Because they were considered the most legible type family, Unimarks (an international design firm founded in Chicago, Ch. 20 pg. 4) visual identity systems used Helvetica font and established design programs for many large clients. Unimark rejected personal design and pursued independence through the use of the grid. To overcome the technical limitations of early television, George Olden (1920-1975, established a graphics department to design on-air visuals for its new television division, he designed the United States postage stamp commemorating the one-hundredth anniversary of the Emancipation Proclamation, Ch. 20 pg. 3) designed on-air graphics using simple symbolic imagery with an emphasis on concepts that quickly captured the essence of each program. In order to appeal to the viewer every time, a trademark should contain metaphoric and indistinct components as well as be comprehensible. On the picture to the left you can see an example of a corporate identity manual (a firms book of guidelines and standards for implementing its corporate identity program, Ch. 20 pg. 1) for International Paper created by Lester Beall. The distorted letters of I and P, to make a tree symbol, created controversy but continued to be used as a trademark for International Paper. Postmodern Design Designers shifted from modern design to a more biased design method of postmodernism (a climate of cultural change that challenged the order and clarity of modern design, Ch. 23, pg. 1). Postmodern designers, dissuaded of the International Typographic Style to pursue an extensive period of design opportunities, found motivation from historical references, decoration, and the vernacular. There were five key routes that postmodern design took; Swiss postmodern design, new-wave typography (this movement was characterized by a typographic revolt, as practitioners and teachers schooled in the International Typographic Style sought to reinvent typographic design, Ch. 23. Pg. 2), mannerism (stylish art of the 1500s that took liberties with the classical vocabulary of form, Ch. 23, Pg. 1), retro design (this movement was characterized by an uninhibited, eclectic interest in modernist European design, particularly in the decades between the world wars; a flagrant disregard for the rules of proper typography; and a fascination with eccentric typefaces designed and widely used during the 1920s and 1930s, Ch. 23, pg. 2) and vernacular design, and the electronic revolution of the late 1980s. Experts and teachers that went to the International Typographic Style School sought to reinvent typographic design. Wolfgang Weingart inspired the new direction by his experimental work and teaching which led to the invention of new-wave typography. As a playful geometry character with references to earlier cultures, the Memphis (a new movement in postmodern design of the 1980s; function became secondary to surface pattern and texture, color, and fantastic forms in the lamps, sofas, and cabinets of this movements designers, Ch. 23. Pg. 4) movement was born and stationed San Francisco as a creative center. Retro design first emerged in New York but had spread quickly throughout the world. Vernacular design and artistic and technical expression broadly characteristic of a particular historical period goes hand in hand with retro. Retro designer Neville Brody (English designer, his typographic configurations project an emblematic authority that evokes heraldry and military emblems, Ch. 23. Pg. 5) reemerged styles of the past. He drew inspiration from the geometric forms of the Russian constructivist artists, as well as the Dada experimental attitudes. Brody emerged as one of the more original graphic designers of the 1980s as he sought to discover an intuitive and logical approach to design. He also designed a series of geometric sans-serif typefaces and emblematic logo designs and his work was widely imitated. Designers in these movements were allotted to completely join language and historic methods into their work. Postmodernism indicated an essence of freedom and because of the magnifying possibilities; designers became inspired to further experiment. Digital Revolution Émigrà © Magazine Rudy VanderLans (Dutch graphic designer, 1955- ), Zuzana Licko (Cz à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦1986 (creation) Digital technology obtained widespread recognition from designers however, it was rejected at first. This modern technology generated a process allowing designers to direct color, form, imagery, and space of design. The editor of Émigrà © (1984 magazine designed, edited, and published by R. VanderLans, Ch. 24 pg. 2) magazine Rudy VanderLans (b. 1955, Émigrà © magazine designer/editor, Ch. 24 pg. 5) and typeface designer Zuzana Licko (b. 1961, typeface designer, Ch. 24 pg. 5) adopted digital technology and assessed its artistic potential. Together they emerged successfully and founded Émigrà © Fonts because of their exploration of the new technology. During the 1990s accelerating progress in computers, software, and output devices enabled graphic designers to achieve results virtually identical to those of conventional working methods, for the promise of seamless on-screen color graphics had been fulfilled. Designers explored the unprecedented possibilities of computers and graphics software while at the same interest in handmade and expressionist lettering and images are renewed. (Meggs and Purvis, Ch. 24/ pg. 495) David Carson (shunned grid formats and a consistent approach to typographic layout, Ch. 24 pg. 6) transferred his career towards editorial design in the 1980s. He inspired young designers yet was condemned by others because of his vague work. Constant developments in digital technology will continue to change the communications industry. A process of redefining the very nature of communications, work, authorship, display media, and graphic design is underway. (Meggs and Purvis, Ch. 24/pg. 530) Intertwined with Graphic Design Each movement contributed to the development and progression of graphic design. Graphic design is a more defined process than art and is considered a commercial implication that focuses on visual communication and arrangement. Each new era increased the literacy of designers and improvised modern changes to establish a broader communication with the audience in a more innovative state. All the previous movements before the digital revolution made me realize that graphic design is more than art and is widely used. The metaphor that each graphic design imitates is fun an element that is not always expected or even appreciated by most people. I think that corporate identity, trademarks, and logos are probably the most common and easily found types of graphic design. As for the future, it will only get more creative and graphic design has the capability to ensure new innovation and complexity that will blow us away.

French Lietenants Woman :: essays papers

French Lietenants Woman Existentialism, a philosophy that emphasizes the uniqueness, isolation and freedom upon and individual is a major theme in John Fowles’, The French Lieutenants Woman. Is our life ordained by the superior, or do we power our future? In chapter 13, Fowles interrupts the narration and notes the natural aspects of writing as a novelist, the freedom of the characters that he has created, and the time and structure o f the novel itself. Though awkward to incorporate the authors visions in their own literature, it is manipulated fiction, meta-fiction that is, which perhaps is a subject of major interest amongst the readers of The French Lieutenants Woman. At first, in chapter 13, it becomes evident that he himself, Fowles, is uncertain of his writings, â€Å"I do not know† he immediately confirms. By the third paragraph he has repeated the word â€Å"perhaps† five times, demonstrating Fowles puzzlement of whether he restrains his characters, or, they control him ? Fowles addresses on behalf of all novelists, and comments on the natural features of writing, that a novelist has no predetermined illustration from chapter one. Fowles also states, â€Å"We wish to create worlds as real as, but other than the world that is†(pg.81), which associates to how this novel is a classical Victorian one, but, from a a modern perception. Fowles tries to link the idea of a modern perspective with existentialism, that it is no longer like the pre-ordained Victorians, but the concept that his characters are free from authority. Although Fowles aims to attaining a point of focus in chapter 13, he repeatedly, violently and offensively comments on God and faith. He sates, that he â€Å"The novelist stands next to God†, which is an scarce feature amongst people in general, the suggestion of equating yourself to God. Not only does Fowles reveal this, but following that he concludes â€Å"He may not know all, yet he tries to pretend that he does,† which may well suggest also God â€Å"does not know all†. This comparison is again evident, â€Å"the novelist is still a God, since he createsà ¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬  (pg.82). In addition, Fowles does not understand that in much of his views, he is speaking on behalf of thousands of authors, which possibly will find his comments rather offending.

Abortion & human

The term abortion refers to the termination of a pregnancy by the removal or expulsion of the fetus or embryo from the uterus resulting in its death. The term is most commonly used to refer to the induced abortion of a human pregnancy.Abortions in humans can occur spontaneously where it is carried out due to complications that occur in the duration of the pregnancy; this is also called a miscarriage or it can be induced.An abortion can either be therapeutic in which case the abortion is induced with the aim of protecting the health of the mother or it can also be termed as an elective abortion in which case the abortion is procured for reasons other than protecting the health of the mother.Abortion has a long history and whereas modern advancements in the medical world have allowed for the use of medications and relatively safe surgical procedures to induce abortion, the traditional methods included the use of sharp tools to inflict physical trauma. A pregnancy can be intentionally t erminated in a number of ways.The manner selected mainly depends on the gestational age of the embryo or fetus the full gestational age of a full pregnancy being approximately twenty two weeks.The procedure may also depend on the legality of the procedure in the particular country, the availability of the procedure in terms of the equipment required as well as the skilled personnel to carry it out. It may also depend on the preference of both the doctor and the patient whereby both parties may settle on one procedure in favor of another.In cases where the decision to undergo elective abortion is based on therapeutic causes, the termination of the pregnancy maybe carried out in an attempt to save the life of the mother.This is done in cases where medical doctors have determined that to allow the pregnancy to develop further would pose a considerable risk to the life of the mother.The abortion can also be carried out where medical doctors have ascertained that an abortion of the pregn ancy would preserve the physical or mental health of the mother.A therapeutic abortion can also be carried out to terminate a pregnancy that would result in a child born with a congenital disorder that would be fatal. It can also be carried out in cases associated with multiple pregnancies to selectively reduce the number of fetuses to lessen the health risks.There are various techniques and procedures that can be used in terminating a pregnancy. One of these methods is medical abortion that uses pharmaceutical drugs to terminate the pregnancy. Medical abortion is a non surgical method.Surgical methods have a variety of options. In the first twelve weeks, vacuum abortion is the most common method consists of removing the fetus or embryo, placenta and membranes by suction, it can be done manually using a manual syringe or by using an electric pump. Another method of abortion is by dilation and curettage which involves cleaning of the walls of the uterus with a curette.Where the pregn ancy is in the second trimester other techniques must be used to induce premature delivery using other drugs. Another method that can be used to terminate a pregnancy in its latter stages is hysterotomy abortion which is a procedure similar to a caesarean section and is performed under general anesthesia.Abortion is at times also attempted by causing trauma to the abdomen; however the degree of force if severe can cause serious internal injuries without succeeding in killing the fetus. This kind of abortion can be subject to criminal liability in many countries.Reported methods of unsafe and self induced abortion by insertion of non surgical implements such as knitting needles and clothes hangers into the uterus have been seen in developing nations but rarely in developed countries where surgical abortion is legal and accessible.Also in countries where abortion is not legal the pregnant women may seek to terminate the pregnancies in illegal setups which could also lead to the women losing their lives in the process of trying to secure an abortion.The practice of abortion also comes with various health risks and complications. The risk of complications can increase depending on how far the pregnancy has progressed. Early term surgical abortion is a simple procedure which is safer than abortions carried out much later in the pregnancy.The risks that come with abortion maybe physical pain or mental anguish for the patient as a result of the emotional attachment that could have been formed with the pregnancy, lack of social support to assist the patient in coping with her decision or even as a result where the woman may have been forced into having an abortion and she would personally have wanted to carry the pregnancy for a full term, presence of pre-existing psychiatric illness whereby the woman may already have been having mental complications that are now compounded by the effects of the abortion.Also in some cases the woman might suffer from mental anguish as a result of the guilt that the woman may be feeling as a result of the abortion, this is usually the case especially where the woman comes from a strong religious background that does not support abortion.Women choose to undergo abortion for various reasons. Some women procure abortions due to a sense of immaturity. This is usually the case especially where young women in their teenage and early twenties are concerned.They feel that they are not yet ready for the responsibilities that accompany motherhood. They may also feel that a child at such a young age will act as a barrier to her chance of advancing in her career or to her chances of pursuing a higher education. Some women may also terminate pregnancies in an attempt to end childbearing.

Barnum Brown the Famous Paleontologist

Barnum Brown the Famous Paleontologist Barnum Brown Born/Died 1873-1963 Nationality American Dinosaurs Named Ankylosaurus, Corythosaurus, Leptoceratops, Saurolophus About Barnum Brown Named after, but not related to, P.T. Barnum (of traveling circus fame), Barnum Brown had a flamboyant personality to match. For much of his long life, Brown was the chief fossil hunter for the American Museum of Natural History in New York, and he participated in a huge number of digs, including one that unearthed the very first Tyrannosaurus Rex skeleton in southeastern Montana (Brown, unfortunately, didn’t get to name his find; that honor went to museum president Henry Osborn). Despite the large number of fossil finds to his credit, mostly in Montana and Canadas Alberta province, Brown is remembered more as an energetic, tireless, well-traveled digger than as a published paleontologist (though he did write some influential papers). His techniques seem to have matched his personality: in the early 20th century, his preferred method for finding fossils was to blow up huge tracts of land with dynamite, scour the rubble for bones, and cart the resulting finds back to base camp on horse-drawn carriages. Befitting his name, Barnum Brown had his share of eccentricities, many of them recounted in a memoir published by his wife, I Married a Dinosaur. For publicity purposes, he insisted on being photographed at his fossil digs wearing an oversized fur coat, and he claimed to work as an intelligence asset for the U.S. government during World War I and World War II and as a corporate spy for various oil companies during his trips abroad. He was referred to by his closest friends as Mr. Bones.

Using Epanorthosis in Rhetoric

Using Epanorthosis in Rhetoric A figure of speech in which a speaker corrects or comments on something he or she has just said. A retraction (or pseudo-retraction) is a type of epanorthosis. Adjective: epanorthotic.Epanorthosis is also known as correctio or self-correction. The etymology is from the Greek, setting straight again. Examples and Observations Maybe there is a beast. . . . What I mean is . . . maybe its only us. (Simon in Lord of the Flies by William Golding, 1954)​With a heave of his chest, Croker rose and came walkingor, rather, limpingtoward him. (Tom Wolfe, A Man in Full, 1998)​[A] good heart, Kate, is the sun and the moon; or, rather, the sun, and not the moon; for it shines bright and never changes, but keeps his course truly. (King Henry V in Act V, scene two of Henry V by William Shakespeare, 1600)​I dont like the majority of what I do. I shouldnt say I dont like it, but Im not satisfied with almost everything that I do. (Paul Simon)​You dont think were being . . . I dont want to say sleazy, because thats not the right word, but a little irresponsible, maybe? (Owen Wilson as John Beckwith, The Wedding Crashers, 2005)​Epanorthosis, or Correction, is a figure by which we retract or recall what we have spoken, for the sake of substituting something stronger or more suitable in its pl ace... The use of this figure lies in the unexpected interruption it gives to the current of our discourse, by turning the stream as it were back upon itself, and then returning it upon the auditor with redoubled force and precision. The nature of this figure dictates its pronunciation; it is somewhat akin to the parenthesis. What we correct should be so pronounced as to seem the immediate effusion of the moment; for which purpose it does not only require a separation from the rest of the sentence, by an alteration of the voice into a lower tone, but an abrupt discontinuance of the member immediately preceding. (John Walker, A Rhetorical Grammar, 1822)​ He has lately been at work telling again, as they call it, a most gratuitous piece of mischief, and has caused a coolness betwixt me and (not a friend exactly, but) an intimate acquaintance. (Charles Lamb, letter to Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Jan. 10, 1820)​Thence have I followed it(Or it hath drawn me, rather) but tis gone. (Ferdinand in The Tempest by William Shakespeare)​In epanorthosis, or setting right, one thinks better of what one has said and qualifies it or even takes it back, as in Augustines classic Give me chastity and continencebut not yet (Confessions 8.7). Epanorthosis is particularly revealing of the character of the speaker, in this case, of an untrustworthy soul divided against itself and given more to self-deception than to deception of others. (P. Christopher Smith, The Hermeneutics of Original Argument: Demonstration, Dialectic, Rhetoric. Northwestern Univ. Press, 1998)​They have a right to more comfort than they at present enjoy; and more comf ort might be afforded them, without encroaching on the pleasures of the rich: not now waiting to enquire whether the rich have any right to exclusive pleasures. What do I say?encroaching! No; if an intercourse were established between them, it would impart the only true pleasure that can be snatched in this land of shadows, this hard school of moral discipline. (Mary Wollstonecraft, A Vindication of the Rights of Men, 1790)​ I should probably have said at the outset Im noted for having something of a sense of humour, although I have kept myself very much to myself over the last two years notwithstanding, as it were, and its only as comparatively recently that I began to realizewell, er, perhaps realize is not the correct word, er, imagine, imagine that I was not the only thing in her life. (Michael Palin in episode two of Monty Pythons Flying Circus, 1969)